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The introduction focuses on the issues that the debate on animal sacrifice has raised over the centuries, both in the West and in South Asia. This dual focus is necessary for two reasons. One is that the current Indian judicial system and traditions have evolved from the British colonial legacy, To understand how animal sacrifice came to be banned by an Indian court, one needs to grasp this Indian-British legal entanglement. The second reason is that many of the current legal arguments on the protection of animals in general, and animal sacrifice in particular, in both South Asia and western countries, call upon both Indian religious and philosophical developments and Western concepts and values. As a result, controversies surrounding particular animal sacrifice practices often involve broader issues and more general debates. The introduction discusses how the recent judicialisation of these debates and their international dimension has led to the emergence of new questions concerning the legal status of animals. We consider, for example, how the question has been debated in Europe with regard to the practice of ritual killing in Muslim or Jewish communities, and in a well-known case involving the US Supreme Court’s ruling on Santeria sacrifice in Florida (cited above).We then move from the general situation to the particular case of India and Nepal. The emphasis here is on previous and recent attempts to reform or even ban animal sacrifice in these countries. Although the practice of animal sacrifices had been criticized over the centuries by sectarian and devotional movements, such criticism gained a new impetus, with a different meaning, from the actions of Christian missionaries who became increasingly active in parts of South Asia from the late fifteenth century onwards. The ideas of ‘idolatry’, ‘superstition’ or ‘false gods’ that the first Christian writers had used in rejecting animal sacrifices in ancient Rome were now projected by Christian missionaries in India (and in other places in the world) onto the sacrificial practices they observed among the people they wished to convert. The missionaries’ insistence on opposing ‘religion’ and ‘superstition’, along with the ‘civilising discourse’ of British officers, had a profound impact on nineteenth-century Hindu reformist leaders who also took a stand against animal sacrifice. We show how this eclectic reformist milieu, inspired by Christian religious discourse and by a Victorian vision of progress, oriented the religious debate towards the issue of animal sacrifice, opposing not only Hindu reformists to Hindu traditionalists, but also Hindus to Christians and Muslims. This particular aspect of the debate has been taken up by Indian judges, some of whom have a personal interest in a spiritualistic approach to religion and are pushing for Hindu religious reforms. Finally, the introduction seeks to draw out and link together the main themes emerging from the following chapters.

Regulation (EU) 2016/1624 enables Frontex to launch operations in the territory of third countries. Accordingly, status agreements between the EU and the Western Balkan countries as well as Moldova have been concluded. This article provides an in-depth analysis of these instruments. As this article will demonstrate, the conclusion of the status agreements constitutes an improvement, in comparison with the instruments of cooperation already in place. Yet, their implementation could lead to human rights violations. The status agreements provide that the team members sent by Frontex act under the instructions of the host state. Consequently, the third state would incur the prime responsibility for human rights violations committed by these border guards. This transfer of authority has not been stemmed from a transfer of jurisdiction over acts committed by the members of the team: rather they are entitled to immunity for all acts committed during their official functions.

It’s been two years since the formal exit of the UK from the EU, better known as ‘Brexit’. Given different transition arrangements put in place, it’s safe to say that the global financial markets are just starting to face the full effects of Brexit on their operations. The aim of this article is to analyse whether Brexit may lead to systemic risks in financial markets. Brexit, financial markets

Les Cahiers : La guerre en Ukraine fait intervenir de nombreuses technologies, utilisées par les deux camps, anciennes et plus nouvelles. Pourriez-vous nous dire ce qui est classique et ce qui l’est moins, à la fois dans les armes, la surveillance et l’information ? Jean-Baptiste Jeangène Vilmer : Il faut d’abord souligner que si nous savons quels sont les équipements utilisés, c’est parce qu’un grand nombre d’entre eux sont filmés ou photographiés, notamment après avoir été détruits, et qu’u...

The growing use of artificial intelligence (A.I.) algorithms in businesses raises regulators' concerns about consumer protection. While pricing and recommendation algorithms have undeniable consumer-friendly effects, they can also be detrimental to them through, for instance, the implementation of dark patterns. These correspond to algorithms aiming to alter consumers' freedom of choice or manipulate their decisions. While the latter is hardly new, A.I. offers significant possibilities for enhancing them, altering consumers' freedom of choice and manipulating their decisions. Consumer protection comes up against several pitfalls. Sanctioning manipulation is even more difficult because the damage may be diffuse and not easy to detect. Symmetrically, both ex-ante regulation and requirements for algorithmic transparency may be insufficient, if not counterproductive. On the one hand, possible solutions can be found in counter-algorithms that consumers can use. On the other hand, in the development of a compliance logic and, more particularly, in tools that allow companies to self-assess the risks induced by their algorithms. Such an approach echoes the one developed in corporate social and environmental responsibility. This contribution shows how self-regulatory and compliance schemes used in these areas can inspire regulatory schemes for addressing the ethical risks of restricting and manipulating consumer choice

International audience; Cour de justice de l'Union européenne, 2 août 2021, aff. C-262/21, A. c/ B. et Cour suprême du Royaume-Uni, 19 mars 2021, [2021] UKSC 9, G. (Appellant) v. G. (Respondent)

Bien qu'ayant eu une existence éphémère, le Kôgisho constitue l'une des premières tentatives de mettre en place une assemblée représentative à caractère délibératif, distincte du pouvoir exécutif, au début de l'ère Meiji en 1869. Créé pour donner corps au principe de "délibération publique", maître mot du projet de modernisation institutionnelle engagée avant même la chute du régime féodal en 1868, et inscrit dans le Serment impérial des Cinq articles du printemps 1868, cette instance fit office de caisse de résonance des grands problèmes de politique intérieure et extérieure auquel le nouveau Japon était désormais confronté. Si elle tomba sous les coups conjugués de l'inexpérience de ses membres, de l'affrontement des intérêts divergents des fiefs en voie d'abolition et du gouvernement impérial peu soucieux de voir son action entravée par une assemblée revendiquant son autonomie, elle n'en constitue pas moins un jalon important sur la voie longue et escarpée de l'établissement du régime constitutionnel au Japon, passant par l'existence d'un Parlement national : une revendication que ne cessera de réclamer, l'opposition à la nouvelle oligarchie au nom de "la liberté et les droits du peuple".

Access to genetic testing in the field of cancer is becoming increasingly important as discoveries are made in basic, translational, and clinical research. It has thus been possible to demonstrate that common cancers whose diagnosis was based essentially on anatomical location and anatomical pathology in the past, were in fact a collection of rare diseases defined by molecular alterations. These alterations, such as mutations, amplification, or fusion, require the use of sophisticated tools such as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Beyond a better characterisation of diseases, this molecular analysis allows the definition of targets accessible to specific drugs, which constitutes the basis of personalised medicine in cancerology. Even if the clinical evaluation of certain molecules has not always been successful, the improved survival of lung cancer patients, for example, confirms the validity of this concept. The problem is now access to these tests, which are not covered by effective specific mechanisms as are expensive molecules or implantable devices, which leads to inequalities in the treatment of cancers on French territory, posing a real ethical problem., L’accès aux tests génétiques dans le domaine de la cancérologie prend de plus en plus d’importance au fur et à mesure des découvertes de la recherche fondamentale, translationnelle et clinique. Il a ainsi été possible de démontrer que des cancers fréquents dont le diagnostic reposait essentiellement sur la localisation anatomique et l’examen anatomopathologique étaient en fait une collection de maladies plus rares définies par des altérations moléculaires. Ces altérations de type mutations, amplification, ou fusion nécessitent le recours à des outils sophistiqués tels que le next generation sequencing (NGS). Au-delà d’une caractérisation meilleure des maladies, cette analyse moléculaire permet la définition de cibles accessibles à des médicaments spécifiques ce qui constitue la base de la médecine personnalisée en cancérologie. Même si l’évaluation clinique des certaines molécules n’a pas toujours été couronnée de succès, l’amélioration de la survie des patients ayant un cancer du poumon par exemple confirme tout le bien-fondé de ce concept. Le problème est donc maintenant l’accès à ces tests qui ne sont pas pris en charge par des mécanismes précis efficaces comme le sont les molécules onéreuses ou les dispositifs implantables ce qui aboutit à des inégalités de prise en charge des cancers sur le territoire français posant un véritable problème éthique.

International audience

International audience

International audience; (Crim. 9 juin 2022, no 21-80.237, D. 2022. 1153 ; AJ pénal 2022. 429, obs. H. Génin et D. Sénat ; Dr. pénal 2022, comm. 138, obs. Ph. Conte ; Crim. 22 juin 2022, no 21-83.360, D. 2022. 1208 ; AJ pénal 2022. 375 et les obs. ; RTD com. 2022. 679, obs. B. Bouloc ; Gaz. Pal. 2022. 16 note L. Saenko)

International audience; (Crim. 18 mai 2022, no 21-86.685, no 21-86.647 ; no 21-87.272, D. 2022. 1186, note S. Pellé ; AJ pénal 2022. 374, obs. J.-B. Thierry ; AJCT 2022. 593, obs. S. Lavric ; Légipresse 2022. 340 et les obs. ; ibid. 487, étude R. Le Gunehec et A. Pastor ; Gaz. Pal. 2022, no 19, p. 18. note E. Dreyer ; JCP 2022. 879, note F. Rousseau ; Dr. pénal 2022, comm. 122, obs. Ph. Conte (vol de portraits du Président de la République) ; Crim. 1er juin 2022 no 21-82.113, Dr. pénal 2022, comm. 141, obs. Ph. Conte (dégradation légère) ; Crim 15 juin 2022, no 21-82.392, Dr. pénal 2022, comm. 137, obs. Ph. Conte (exhibition sexuelle) ; CEDH 23 juin 2022, no 28000/19, Rouillan c/ France, (apologie du terrorisme), D. 2022. 1652, note E. Dreyer ; AJ pénal 2022. 431, obs. M. Lacaze ; Légipresse 2022. 404 et les obs. ; ibid. 510, chron. C. Bigot ; RSC 2022. 689, obs. J.-P. Marguénaud ; CEDH 13 oct. 2022, no 22636/19, Bouton c/ France, (exhibition sexuelle), D. 2022. 1856, et les obs. ; AJ fam. 2022. 514, obs. A. Dionisi-Peyrusse)

Poster presented at the 2022 Conference of the European Association of Health Law (EAHL) in Ghent., Also available: https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03779408v1

International audience; (Com. 21 sept. 2022, F-B, no 21-12.218)

International audience; (Com. 1er juin 2022, no 21-16.481 ; Civ. 2e, 15 sept. 2022, F-B, no 21-13.670, D. 2022. 1955, note C. Bouland)

International audience; (Civ. 3e, 30 juin 2022, no 21-20.190, D. 2022. 1445, note D. Houtcieff ; ibid. 1398, point de vue S. Tisseyre ; AJDI 2022. 605, obs. J.-P. Blatter ; JT 2022, no 255, p. 11, obs. X. Delpech ; RTD com. 2022. 435, étude F. Kendérian ; RTD civ. 2022. 912, obs. P.-Y. Gautier)

International audience; (Civ. 3e, 21 sept. 2022, no 21-17.409, D. 2022. 1704)

International audience; (Civ. 3e, 6 juill. 2022, no 20-23.132)

National audience

International audience; novembre 2021 – octobre 2022

National audience

Coll. « Droit et professionnels », LexisNexis, 2021

Autorité des marchés financiers, Rapport 2022 sur le gouvernement d'entreprise et la rémunération des dirigeants des sociétés cotées, 1er déc. 2022, Rapport du Haut Comité de Gouvernement d'entreprise, 14 nov. 2022 et Labrador et EY, Panorama de la gouvernance 2022. Accélération de l'ESG, 4 oct. 2022

International audience

Cour de cassation (soc.), 19 octobre 2022, no 21-12.370 (publié au Bulletin)

L’exclusion abusive d’un associé par une assemblée générale extraordinaire convoquée pour prendre acte de sa démission, conduit à l’annulation de la décision de cette assemblée sur le fondement de l’article 1844-10 al. 3 du code civil.

In two decisions of the First Civil Chamber dated 8 March 2023, the French Cour de cassation indicated that, even though articles 7 and 21 of the Act of 31 December 1971 and article 142 of the Decree of 27 November 1991 referred to conciliation prior to arbitration by the President of the Bar, it was not compulsory. Non-compliance with this requirement cannot therefore be sanctioned by a dismissal., Par deux arrêts de la première chambre civile du 8 mars 2023, la Cour de cassation a indiqué que, même si les articles 7 et 21 de la loi du 31 décembre 1971 et l’article 142 du décret du 27 novembre 1991 faisaient mention d’une conciliation préalable à l’arbitrage du bâtonnier, celle-ci ne devait pas se tenir de manière obligatoire. Si bien que son non-respect ne peut être sanctionné par une fin de non-recevoir.